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A Jack or Knave, in some games referred to as a Bower, in Tarot card games as a Valet, is 👍 a playing card which, in traditional French and English decks, pictures a man in the traditional or historic aristocratic or 👍 courtier dress, generally associated with Europe of the 16th or 17th century. The usual rank of a jack is between 👍 the ten and the queen.
Knave of coins from the oldest known European deck ( c. 1390–1410 )
The earliest predecessor of 👍 the knave was the thānī nā'ib (second or under-deputy) in the Mamluk card deck. This was the lowest of the 👍 three court cards and like all court cards was depicted through abstract art or calligraphy. When brought over to Italy 👍 and Spain, the thānī nā'ib was made into an infantry soldier or page ranking below the knight card. In France, 👍 where the card was called the valet, the queen was inserted between the king and knight. The knight was subsequently 👍 dropped out of non-Tarot decks leaving the valet directly under the queen. The king-queen-valet format then made its way into 👍 England.
The German nickname of Bauer ("farmer" or "peasant") often used for the Jacks, appears in English as the loanword, Bower, 👍 used for the top trumps (usually Jacks) in games of the euchre family as well as some games of German 👍 origin where the Jacks play a significant role, e.g. Reunion.
The figure of the jack has been used in many literary 👍 works throughout history. Among these is one by 17th-century English writer Samuel Rowlands. The Four Knaves is a series of 👍 Satirical Tracts, with Introduction and Notes by E. F. Rimbault, upon the subject of playing cards. His "The Knave of 👍 Clubbs: Tis Merry When Knaves Meet" was first published in 1600, then again in 1609 and 1611. In accordance with 👍 a promise at the end of this book, Rowlands went on with his series of Knaves, and in 1612 wrote 👍 "The Knave of Harts: Haile Fellowe, Well Meet", where his "Supplication to Card-Makers" appears,[10] thought to have been written to 👍 the English manufacturers who copied to the English decks the court figures created by the French. The Knave of Hearts 👍 appears as a thieving antagonist in the traditional children's poem The Queen of Hearts
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